Malnutrition in developing rats often leads to pronounced lifelong behavioral changes.These changes are most likely due to changes in

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Malnutrition can cause epigenetic changes, altering gene expression without changing the DNA sequence, which can lead to permanent changes in behavior. Fixed action patterns are instinctual and not likely to be affected by malnutrition, and behavioral imprinting and biological determinism are not relevant to the context.

Malnutrition in Developing Rats Often Leads to Pronounced Lifelong Behavioral