Which feature(s)characterize(s)gastrulation in both birds and frogs?
A) Establishment of three germ layers
B) Inward migration of ectoderm cells to form the gut
C) Formation of the neural tube from the hypoblast
D) Invagination of cells of the epiblast to form endoderm and mesoderm
E) Both a and c

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Both birds and frogs undergo gastrulation, which is a key process in embryonic development that establishes the three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) from a single layer of cells. However, the other options listed - B, C, and D - are not characteristics that are shared between birds and frogs during gastrulation. Inward migration of ectoderm cells to form the gut is a feature of gastrulation in amphibians, but not birds. Formation of the neural tube from the hypoblast is unique to birds, while invagination of cells of the epiblast to form endoderm and mesoderm is a general feature of gastrulation in many different animal species, but not specific to birds and frogs.

Which Feature(s)characterize(s)gastrulation in Both Birds and Frogs