Question 1

Evidence that people can develop an emotional preference for stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed has convinced Robert Zajonc that

Accepted Answer

The evidence that emotional preference can develop without conscious awareness supports the idea that sometimes emotion precedes cognition, which is the key tenet of the idea that "sometimes emotion precedes cognition." This suggests that our emotional states can influence our thoughts and behavior without our conscious awareness.

Question 2

The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does the James-Lange theory.

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion proposes that both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal are necessary to experience emotions, while the James-Lange theory suggests that emotions result solely from physiological arousal. This means that the two-factor theory places more emphasis on the importance of cognitive activity (i.e. interpretation of the arousal) in the experience of emotions.

Question 3

Paul insists that the sight of guns always leads him to experience the same intense level of fear regardless of whether he is physically aroused or physically calm.Paul's reported experience is most consistent with

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory posits that we experience physiological arousal and emotional reaction at the same time, not one causing the other. Paul's experience of fear at the sight of guns, regardless of his physical state, aligns with this theory, as it suggests that emotions can be felt independently of physical arousal states.

Question 4

Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult test,Harley concluded that he was "anxious." Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance,Harley concluded that he was "falling in love." The differing emotions experienced by Harley can best be explained by the

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory states that emotions are based on both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. In both scenarios, Harley experiences the same physiological symptoms (heart pounding, sweaty palms), but his interpretation of those symptoms leads to different emotional experiences. When he is taking a difficult test, he interprets the arousal as anxiety, while when an attractive lady asks him to dance, he interprets the arousal as falling in love.

Question 5

According to the James-Lange theory,we experience emotion ________ we notice our physiological arousal.According to the Cannon-Bard theory we experience emotion ________ we become physiologically aroused.

Accepted Answer

According to the James-Lange theory, we experience emotion after we notice our physiological arousal, suggesting that the emotion is a result of the arousal. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, we experience emotion at the same time as we become physiologically aroused, indicating that the two processes occur simultaneously.

Question 6

In one experiment,college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a joyful or an irritated person.The results of this experiment support the idea that

Accepted Answer

The experiment suggests that our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body's arousal, as those who were injected with epinephrine showed more intense emotional reactions when they were informed about the state of the person they were spending time with. This indicates that our interpretation of our physiological response can influence our experience of emotion.

Question 7

Lee was momentarily terrified as a passing automobile nearly sideswiped his car.When one of his passengers joked that he almost had a two-color car,Lee laughed uncontrollably.Lee's emotional volatility best illustrates the

Accepted Answer

The spillover effect refers to the tendency of one's emotional arousal to spill over into adjacent events, making one's emotional reactions to them stronger. In this case, Lee's emotional response (fear) to being nearly sideswiped spilled over into his subsequent laughter, which was amplified by the residual arousal from his earlier fear.

Question 8

The spillover effect is best explained in terms of the

Accepted Answer

The spillover effect is a phenomenon where emotions from one situation can spill over and influence emotions in another situation. The two-factor theory explains that emotions are determined by both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. Therefore, the spillover effect can be understood in terms of this theory, as the physiological arousal from one situation can spill over and influence emotional interpretation in another situation.

Question 9

A therapist tells a patient who is afraid of elevators that his rapid breathing while on an elevator is not due to fear but is a natural consequence of too little oxygen in a small,enclosed space.With this new interpretation of his arousal,the patient no longer dreads elevators.The reduction in the patient's fear is best understood in terms of

Accepted Answer

The therapist's explanation of the patient's physiological response to being in an elevator reframes the situation as a neutral one, rather than one that should cause fear. This corresponds to the two-factor theory, which states that emotions are a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. By changing the patient's interpretation of their physiological response, the fear response is reduced.

Question 10

In an experiment to test the spillover effect,college men were injected with epinephrine prior to spending time with an experimenter's accomplice who acted either euphoric or irritated.Which individuals in this experiment were LEAST likely to experience the emotion demonstrated by the experimenter's accomplice?

Accepted Answer

Those who were informed that the injection would cause physiological arousal would be least likely to experience the emotion demonstrated by the experimenter's accomplice because they could attribute their arousal to the injection rather than to the emotional state of the accomplice.

Question 11

The two-factor theory of emotion would have difficulty explaining why a

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion, proposed by Schachter and Singer, suggests that emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal. This theory would have difficulty explaining automatic or instinctive emotional responses, such as an automatic fear of snakes (C), that occur without a cognitive appraisal or labeling process.

Question 12

According to the two-factor theory,the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory suggests that emotions are composed of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. Therefore, the correct answer is D, cognitive appraisal and physical arousal, rather than the other options which only address one component of emotions.

Question 13

According to the Cannon-Bard theory,the body's arousal is related to the sympathetic nervous system in the same way that subjective awareness of emotion is related to the

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory posits that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with bodily arousal, with the cortex responsible for the subjective awareness of emotion. This contrasts with theories that suggest a sequential process where the physical reaction precedes the emotional experience.

Question 14

Who argued that our emotional reactions to specific situations can occur rapidly and prior to any conscious interpretations of those situations?

Accepted Answer

Robert Zajonc argued for the concept of "affect-as-information," which suggests that our emotional reactions to certain situations can happen quickly and even before any conscious interpretation of those situations occurs. This idea is contrary to the previously popular belief that our emotional responses result from our interpretations and thoughts about the situation.

Question 15

According to the ________,you would be able to experience emotion even without sympathetic nervous system arousal.

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion posits that we experience emotions and physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, or muscle tension simultaneously, not sequentially. This theory suggests that emotions can be experienced even without the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response and other physiological changes associated with emotions. Unlike the James-Lange theory, which suggests that physiological arousal precedes emotional experience, the Cannon-Bard theory argues that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously.

Question 16

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion was proposed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer.

Question 17

Research has shown that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional experiences.This finding supports the

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory proposes that emotional experiences are the result of physiological responses to stimuli. This means that physical sensations such as increased heart rate, sweating, and muscle tensing lead to emotional experiences. The finding that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional experiences supports the James-Lange theory because the injuries affect the physiological responses that are thought to underlie the emotional experiences.

Question 18

Tranquilizing drugs that inhibit sympathetic nervous system activity often reduce people's subjective experience of intense anxiety.Which theory of emotion would have the greatest difficulty explaining this effect?

Accepted Answer

Cannon-Bard theory posits that emotions and physiological reactions occur simultaneously and independently, so it would struggle to explain how inhibiting physiological reactions (sympathetic nervous system activity) could reduce the experience of anxiety.

Question 19

After being physically aroused by his daily three-mile run,Martin finds that he experiences stronger resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses him.Martin's experience can best be explained by the

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory of emotion proposes that emotions are based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. In this case, Martin's physical arousal from his run is contributing to both his resentment and romantic feelings, but the interpretation of that arousal is different depending on the situation. This explains why he experiences different emotions in response to different stimuli.

Question 20

The lingering arousal associated with one emotional state can intensify a completely different state of emotion.This is called

Accepted Answer

The spillover effect refers to the phenomenon where the arousal from one emotional state can carry over and intensify a completely different emotional state. For example, if someone is still feeling the arousal from anger, they may become even more intense and emotionally charged when encountering a completely unrelated situation. The Yerkes-Dodson law refers to the relationship between performance and arousal, the insula effect is the activation of the insula region in the brain during emotional experiences, and the polygraph principle refers to the use of lie detectors to measure physiological responses associated with emotional states. None of these concepts directly relate to the spillover effect.

Quiz 13: Emotions, Stress, and Health