The textbook states that many people with PTSD attempt to avoid the environmental cues associated with the trauma,such as loud noises.In the language of classical conditioning,these cues are:

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Environmental cues associated with the trauma become associated with the traumatic event through classical conditioning, and therefore become conditioned stimuli. Negative reinforcers are stimuli that, when removed, increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while positive reinforcers are stimuli that, when presented, increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Unconditioned stimuli are stimuli that naturally elicit a response, without any prior learning or conditioning. None of these definitions fit the environmental cues associated with trauma that are discussed in the textbook.

The Textbook States That Many People with PTSD Attempt to Avoid