Question 1

In a "culture of honor," individuals

Accepted Answer

In a "culture of honor," individuals are expected to protect themselves and their property by whatever means necessary. This may include using violence to defend their honor or reputation. This is often seen in rural or traditional societies where the law enforcement may be weak and ineffective.

Question 2

When we engage in helping that appears on its face to be altruistic, even selfless, and those people that benefit from our help share our genes, this would be congruent with the idea of .

Accepted Answer

Kin selection refers to the idea that we are more likely to help those who are genetically related to us because by helping them, we are indirectly helping to pass on our own genes. Therefore, if we engage in helping that appears to be selfless but those who benefit from our help share our genes, this would be congruent with the idea of kin selection.

Question 3

On a crowded sidewalk a man falls down, dropping most of what he is carrying. It is unclear if he has fallen ill or is hurt. Nola seeks the man fall, but noticing that others around him seem to not be concerned, she decides he may have just tripped and it's not really a situation requiring assistance. Nola has just experienced the

Accepted Answer

Nola has experienced the bystander effect, which is the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to provide help in an emergency situation when other people are present. Nola's assumption that others around the man are not concerned influenced her decision not to assist, which is a common characteristic of the bystander effect.

Question 4

When Kumar was expelled from school for fighting, his parents told the principal that being aggressive has always been part of Kumar's personality, and that he is prone to aggression in just about any situation, whether provoked or not. Psychologists would likely refer to this tendency as

Accepted Answer

Trait aggression refers to the tendency to display aggressive behavior across various situations and contexts. This matches the description provided about Kumar's personality and behavior. Altruism and biogenic aggression are not relevant to the situation described, and reactive aggression refers to a response to a specific provocation, whereas Kumar's aggression seems to be more pervasive.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT associated with increased aggression?

Accepted Answer

A culture of law, which emphasizes rules and consequences for breaking them, is associated with decreased aggression as it deters individuals from engaging in harmful behaviors. The other options (B, C, D) are all associated with increased aggression.

Question 6

At a debate about evolutionary psychology, you hear someone claim that altruistic behavior could not have evolved through the process of natural selection because altruism is not adaptive and can even decrease an organism's chances of survival. Which of the following is the best response to this claim?

Accepted Answer

Kin selection is a process by which an organism's altruistic behavior can benefit its genetic relatives, increasing the chances of the shared genes being passed on. This can confer a genetic benefit that could be selected for by evolution. Therefore, altruistic behavior can be explained through natural selection.

Question 7

The frustration-aggression hypothesis predicts that

Accepted Answer

The frustration-aggression hypothesis states that individuals are more likely to become aggressive when they are prevented from achieving a goal or when their progress is interrupted. This means that frustration can lead to aggression, which is why option C is the best choice. Option A is incorrect because it suggests that aggression leads to frustration, which is not what the hypothesis proposes. Option B is also incorrect because it does not capture the idea that frustration can lead to aggression. Option D is not accurate because the frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that frustration is associated with higher levels of aggression, not lower levels.

Question 8

The short version of an androgen receptor gene occurs more frequently in men who

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that the short version of an androgen receptor gene is more frequent in men who have been convicted of a violent crime, suggesting a link between this gene variant and aggressive behavior. The other options are not supported by research.

Question 9

All other things being equal, who is more likely to engage in physical aggression following a perceived insult?

Accepted Answer

Research has suggested that individuals raised in southern US states such as Georgia are more likely to engage in physical aggression following a perceived insult due to a cultural emphasis on honor and dignity.

Question 10

Some evolutionary psychologists explain altruistic behavior towards individuals that we are not directly related to by noting that altruism towards nongenetic relatives will possibly be returned in the future. This concept is known as

Accepted Answer

The concept of altruism towards nongenetic relatives being returned in the future is best described as reciprocal altruism.

Question 11

Which of the following is true about the hormone testosterone?

Accepted Answer

Competitive and aggressive contexts have been shown to elicit increases in testosterone levels, but high testosterone levels are not necessarily the cause of all aggressive behavior. Testosterone is also found in females, although typically at lower levels than males.

Question 12

What term do psychologists use for the phenomenon that occurs when people are less likely to aid a person in trouble if there are other people around who are also potential helpers?

Accepted Answer

Psychologists use the term "bystander effect" to refer to the phenomenon that occurs when people are less likely to aid a person in trouble if there are other people around who are also potential helpers.

Question 13

A psychologist who subscribes to the ___________________ perspective is most likely to explain altruistic behavior in terms of the social responsibility norm.

Accepted Answer

The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the role of social norms and expectations in shaping behavior. The social responsibility norm is one such norm, which holds that individuals have a responsibility to help others in need. A psychologist from this perspective would likely explain altruistic behavior in terms of the social responsibility norm, as individuals may feel a sense of obligation to help others based on this norm.

Question 14

At a crowded park, Kayla sees an old man clutching his heart and stumbling. If Kayla assumes that someone else will help the old man, she is experiencing the phenomenon known as

Accepted Answer

The bystander effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to intervene in an emergency situation when others are present. This is often due to diffusion of responsibility, where each individual assumes that someone else will take action. In this scenario, if Kayla assumes that someone else will help the old man, she is exhibiting the bystander effect.

Question 15

Nabila was at a busy grocery store when she and many others saw a gentleman on the ground. She stopped to stare and thought to herself that surely someone had already called for help for this man. She decided that because so many people were present to see the gentleman, help was already on the way. Nabila's decision not to call for help can be best explained by

Accepted Answer

the bystander effect is the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help when others are present, assuming that someone else will take responsibility for the situation. This is consistent with Nabila's decision to not call for help because she assumed others had already taken responsibility.

Question 16

A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. John's reaction is an example of

Accepted Answer

John's decision not to call 911 despite the potentially serious situation is an example of the bystander effect, where individuals are less likely to take action in an emergency situation if there are other people present. John assumes that someone else has already called, which is a common thought process in the bystander effect.

Question 17

Any behavior intended to hurt or harm an individual is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Aggression refers to any behavior that is intended to harm or hurt another individual, whether physically or psychologically. Scapegoating refers to unfairly blaming an individual or group for problems or issues that may not be their fault. Prejudice is an attitude or belief toward a certain group that may lead to discriminatory behavior. Discrimination is the act of treating an individual or group unfairly or differently based on certain characteristics like race, gender, or ethnicity. While all four concepts are related, aggression is the most accurate term to describe behavior intended to hurt or harm someone.

Question 18

The hormone associated with aggression seems to be

Accepted Answer

Testosterone is commonly associated with aggression in both males and females. It is a primary male sex hormone that is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics and is also linked to aggression, competition, and dominance.

Question 19

Aggressive behavior is related to the activity of which brain region?

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is a brain region associated with the regulation of emotions, including fear and aggression. Research has shown that lesions or damage to the amygdala can lead to a decrease in aggressive behavior. Therefore, aggressive behavior is related to the activity of the amygdala.

Question 20

Which of the following is the best example of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Road rage is the best example of the frustration-aggression hypothesis because it involves aggressive behavior resulting from the frustration of a goal (such as being stuck in traffic) and the perceived blocking of that goal by another driver. In this situation, the frustration leads to aggressive behavior towards the other driver in an attempt to remove the blockage and achieve the goal.

Quiz 15: Social Psychology