The Body Has Several Ways to Keep Blood Moving Forward

The body has several ways to keep blood moving forward through the veins. Which of the following does NOT explain how this happens?

A) The pressure in the veins is lower than the pressure in the arteries (i.e. blood flows down its pressure gradient) .
B) Valves in the veins prevent backflow.
C) The aid of respiratory pump (changes in pressure in thoracic cavity during inhalation and exhalation) .
D) The pumping of the venous endothelial contraction nodules (which act like a series of miniature hearts) .
E) The aid of contractions of skeletal muscles.
HAPS Learning Outcome: K14.01 Define blood flow, blood pressure, and peripheral resistance.
HAPS Learning Outcome: K14.02 State and interpret the equation that relates blood flow to pressure and resistance.
HAPS Learning Outcome: K14.03 List the local, hormonal and neuronal factors that affect peripheral resistance and explain the importance of each.
HAPS Learning Outcome: K14.04 Interpret relevant graphs to explain the relationships between vessel diameter, cross-sectional area, blood pressure, and blood velocity.
HAPS Learning Outcome: K14.05 Using a graph of pressures within the systemic circuit, interpret the pressure changes that occur in the arteries, capillaries, and veins.
HAPS Learning Outcome: K14.06 Given values for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, calculate pulse pressure (PP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) .
HAPS Learning Outcome: K14.07A With respect to mean arterial pressure (MAP) : State the equation relating MAPto cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) .
HAPS Learning Outcome: K14.07B With respect to mean arterial pressure (MAP) : Predict and describe how MAP would be affected by changes in TPR or by changes in CO or any of its components - heart rate (HR) ,stroke volume (SV) or preload.
HAPS Learning Outcome: K14.08 Discuss how muscular compression and the respiratory pump aid venous return.
Learning Outcome: 13.06A Explain how blood pressure and resistance to flow change as blood flows through the blood vessels.