In a patient with heart failure, which of the following occur as compensatory mechanisms to help maintain adequate blood flow out of the heart? (Select all that apply.?

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

In heart failure, compensatory mechanisms include the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine (A) to increase heart rate and contractility. The kidneys activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (C) to retain sodium and water, increasing volume and preload. The heart muscles stretch (E) to increase the force of myocardial contraction. Muscles mass of the heart decreases (B) in heart failure and urine output increases (D), indicating decreased kidney function in heart failure. The oxygen demand of the heart is increased, not lowered (F), due to the increased workload required to maintain adequate blood flow.

In a Patient with Heart Failure, Which of the Following