A patient is experiencing prerenal failure secondary to hypovolemia. The nurse reviewing the patient's laboratory work and vascular pressures should expect to see which results? Select all that apply.

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1. Creatinine clearance provides the most accurate estimate of glomerulo-filtration rate. Normal values range between 85 and 125 mL/min/1.73m² for adult men and 75 to 115 mL/min/1.73m² for adult women. Values below normal indicate at least a 50% reduction in the number of functioning nephrons. 2. With prerenal dysfunction, the nurse assesses the patient for manifestations of hypovolemia, including low CVP or PAWP values. 3. When the urine flow rate is reduced, more urea is absorbed. Thus, in prerenal failure, the rise in BUN may be out of proportion to the renal dysfunction. 4. A doubling of serum creatinine normally indicates a 50% reduction in glomerular filtration rates. Normal levels in adults are 0.5 to 1.5 mg/dL. 5. There are rarely more then a few casts and/or a little sediment present in the urine. The urine appears dark and concentrated but clear.

A Patient Is Experiencing Prerenal Failure Secondary to Hypovolemia