Four-year-old Aaron doesn't recall ever seeing a hypodermic needle,and he can't remember the series of painful injections he received when he was a 2-year-old.When shown a hypodermic needle,however,he reacted with a classically conditioned fear response.Aaron's fear reaction indicates that he retains a(n)________ memory.

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Aaron's fear response is a type of automatic, unconscious memory known as implicit memory. This type of memory involves classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (the needle) becomes associated with a fear response. Iconic memory refers to visual sensory memory, echoic memory refers to auditory sensory memory, and flashbulb memory refers to vivid, emotionally charged memories of significant events. None of these types of memory are relevant to Aaron's fear response.

Four-Year-Old Aaron Doesn't Recall Ever Seeing a Hypodermic Needle,and He