Question 1

Psychosurgery involves

Accepted Answer

Psychosurgery involves removing or destroying brain tissue in specific areas of the brain to alleviate symptoms of certain mental disorders. Passing an electric current through the entire brain is a form of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which is a different treatment. Injecting lithium directly into the limbic system is also not a form of psychosurgery, but rather a pharmacological treatment for certain mood disorders.

Question 2

A possible explanation for the effectiveness of ________ is that it may reduce depression by triggering the formation of new functioning brain circuits through the long-term potentiation of nerve cells.

Accepted Answer

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive treatment for depression that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain. It has been found to trigger the formation of new functioning brain circuits through long-term potentiation, which may reduce symptoms of depression.

Question 3

Inserting a medical instrument through each eye socket was part of a biomedical therapy procedure known as

Accepted Answer

Inserting a medical instrument through each eye socket was a part of a lobotomy procedure, which was a biomedical therapy used in the past to treat psychiatric and behavioral disorders by severing connections in the prefrontal cortex of the brain.

Question 4

Conrad has been depressed for years.His depression has been drug-resistant,so his psychiatrist has suggested applying a pacemaker that activates implanted electrodes in brain areas that feed negative emotions and thoughts.Conrad's psychiatrist is recommending

Accepted Answer

The description given in the scenario matches with deep brain stimulation. It involves the implantation of electrodes in specific brain areas that regulate negative emotions and thoughts. This procedure has been found to be effective in treating drug-resistant depression. Lobotomy is a surgical procedure that is rarely used nowadays due to its high risk and side effects. rTMS and ECT are also used to treat depression, but deep brain stimulation is considered a better option for drug-resistant cases.

Question 5

Marisa has attempted suicide twice in the last year because of severe depression that is not responding to antidepressants.Her psychiatrist has recommended electroconvulsive therapy,which involves

Accepted Answer

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) involves the administration of a brief electric current through the brain of an anesthetized patient. It has been shown to be effective for severe depression that is not responding to medication. Choice B describes transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which is a different treatment option. Choice C describes insulin shock therapy, which is no longer used. Choice D describes deep brain stimulation (DBS), which is another treatment option but is typically used for different conditions such as Parkinson's disease.

Question 6

Which of the following is a possible side effect of electroconvulsive therapy?

Accepted Answer

Mild memory loss is a common side effect of electroconvulsive therapy, but manic episodes, obesity, and tardive dyskinesia are not associated with this treatment.

Question 7

Which of the following biomedical treatments provides some of the benefits of ECT without causing memory loss?

Accepted Answer

rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) has been shown to provide some of the benefits of ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) in treating depression without causing significant memory loss, which is a common side effect of ECT. The other options listed (lobotomy, psychosurgery, and antipsychotic medication) do not provide the benefits of ECT and/or may have their own significant side effects.

Question 8

Helen Mayberg has used ________ to manipulate activity in a neural hub that bridges the frontal lobes and the limbic system.

Accepted Answer

Helen Mayberg has used deep brain stimulation (DBS) to manipulate activity in a neural hub that bridges the frontal lobes and the limbic system. DBS involves implanting electrodes into specific areas of the brain to deliver electrical impulses and modulate neural activity. This method has shown promise in treating various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression.

Question 9

Deep brain stimulation involves the implantation of ________ into the brain.

Accepted Answer

Deep brain stimulation involves the implantation of electrodes into the brain to stimulate specific areas and treat conditions such as Parkinson's disease, depression, and OCD. SSRIs and lithium are medications used to treat mental health disorders but are not implanted into the brain. New nerve cells cannot be implanted, as they would need to be surgically connected to existing neural networks to function properly.

Question 10

Electroconvulsive therapy has proven to be effective in the treatment of

Accepted Answer

Electroconvulsive therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment option for severe depression, particularly in cases where other treatments have been unsuccessful. It is not commonly used to treat phobias, dissociative disorders, or schizophrenia.

Question 11

Who developed the surgical procedure known as lobotomy?

Accepted Answer

Egas Moniz developed the surgical procedure known as lobotomy in 1935.

Question 12

Which of the following individuals is most likely to benefit from repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)?

Accepted Answer

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Therefore, Anissa, who has increasing depressive episodes, is most likely to benefit from rTMS. Jaydon's fear of needles and blood is not a mental health disorder that rTMS would be used to treat. Zackory's aggressive sexual behavior may be related to his diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, but rTMS is not a recommended treatment for this disorder. Elena's auditory hallucinations and persecutory delusions suggest that she may have a psychotic disorder, such as schizophrenia, which is not typically treated with rTMS.

Question 13

MRI-guided precision surgery is occasionally done to cut the brain circuits involved in severe cases of

Accepted Answer

MRI-guided precision surgery, specifically anterior capsulotomy, has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of severe cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is not typically used for the other disorders listed.

Question 14

Which of the following procedures is associated with some memory loss for the treatment period but no apparent brain damage?

Accepted Answer

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is associated with some memory loss for the treatment period, but there is no apparent brain damage. This memory loss is typically temporary and improves after treatment. rTMS, the double-blind procedure, and deep brain stimulation are not associated with memory loss as a side effect.

Question 15

Although more research is needed,deep brain stimulation shows some promise for the treatment of

Accepted Answer

Deep brain stimulation has shown promise in reducing addictive drug cravings, particularly for individuals with severe substance use disorders who have not responded to other treatments. Research on other potential uses, such as for auditory hallucinations or bipolar disorder, is still ongoing and not yet conclusive. While deep brain stimulation has been used to alleviate symptoms of tardive dyskinesia, it is not yet an approved treatment for this condition.

Question 16

Which treatment procedure involves the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain?

Accepted Answer

The treatment procedure that involves the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain is known as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). This procedure is used to treat various neurological and psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychosurgery involves the surgical disconnection or alteration of brain pathways and is a highly invasive and risky procedure that is only used as a last resort. Long-term potentiation is a phenomenon in which repeated stimulation of a neural pathway leads to the strengthening of the synapses in that pathway. The double-blind technique is a research method in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know which group is receiving the treatment or the placebo.

Question 17

Adelle's feelings of unhappiness,low self-esteem,and hopelessness have become so extreme that she has attempted suicide.Which of the following treatments is likely to provide her with the quickest effective relief from her misery?

Accepted Answer

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective treatment for severe depression and suicidal ideation. It involves passing electrical currents through the brain to induce a seizure, which can readjust brain chemistry and alleviate depressive symptoms. ECT is known to provide rapid relief from severe depression, and may be especially useful in cases where other treatments, such as medication or therapy, have been ineffective. Antipsychotic drugs and antianxiety drugs, while useful for some individuals, may not provide the same level of immediate relief and may have more significant side effects. Lobotomy is no longer used as a treatment for mental illness.

Question 18

Juan's depression has not responded to medication.His psychiatrist is recommending a new treatment for major depressive disorder,called _____,that involves stimulation of certain regions of the brain with magnetic pulses of various frequencies.

Accepted Answer

The treatment described involves the use of magnetic pulses and is known as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Choices A and C involve more invasive procedures and are not commonly used for treating depression. Choice D involves implanting electrodes in the brain and is typically used for other conditions such as Parkinson's disease.

Question 19

Some research indicates that ECT works by weakening connections in a "hyperconnected" neural hub in the left ________ lobe.

Accepted Answer

Multiple studies have shown that ECT targets the left frontal lobe, specifically a neural hub referred to as the default mode network (DMN). This DMN is thought to be overactive in individuals with depression, and ECT helps weaken the connections within this network, potentially leading to improvements in symptoms.

Question 20

Deep brain stimulation has been reported to provide relief from

Accepted Answer

Deep brain stimulation has been found to be effective in treating major depression that is resistant to other treatments. It works by targeting specific areas of the brain (such as the subcallosal cingulate gyrus) and regulating their activity through the use of small electrical currents. It is not commonly used for dissociative disorders, phobias, or schizophrenia.

Quiz 14: Therapy