Developing testable predictions before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as

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Developing testable predictions before conducting research can help to prevent hindsight bias, which is the tendency to interpret results in a way that confirms preexisting beliefs or expectations. By having specific predictions in advance, researchers can evaluate their hypothesis objectively and avoid selectively interpreting results to fit their expectations after the fact. Random sampling, the placebo effect, and random assignment are not directly related to this thinking error.

Developing Testable Predictions Before Conducting Research Is Most Directly Useful