Manipulation of independent variables in order to unravel causal relationships is unacceptable from a scientific point of view.
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Q7: There is a trade-off between internal validity
Q8: Biases that might affect the internal validity
Q9: A Quasi-Experimental Design measures true cause-and-effect relationships.
Q10: The manipulation of the independent variable is
Q11: Internal validity refers to the extent of
Q12: Major threats to validity in a "pretest
Q13: A key problem of time series is
Q15: Cause-and-effect inferences can be contaminated by the
Q16: Quasi-Experimental Designs expose an experimental group to
Q17: An interactive testing effect occurs when the
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