An instrumentation threat occurs when taking the pretest affects how participants do on the posttest.
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Q7: When some event other than the program
Q8: When a significant number of subjects drop
Q9: When the tests (or observers)used on the
Q10: In design notation,the letter R stands for
Q11: The only way to address threats to
Q13: Temporal precedence means the effect occurs before
Q14: The threat to validity that occurs as
Q15: Quasi-experimental designs use random assignment.
Q16: The statistical phenomenon that causes a group's
Q17: When a researcher rules out plausible alternative
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