How Would Investment Model Researchers Like Caryl Rusbult and John

How would investment model researchers like Caryl Rusbult and John Martz (1995) explain why battered women often return to their abusive partners?

A) These women might be poor and have no other economic alternative.
B) These women are probably in exchange relationships.
C) The abusive partners have battered the women's self-esteem to the basement.
D) These women are mentally ill.
E) Their abusive partners must reward them in other ways.