Journalist Peggy Orenstein observed students in two California middle schools and found that

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Orenstein observed that the participation and even antics of white boys in the classroom were considered inevitable and rewarded. Girls, on the other hand, were often subject to criticism and pressure to conform to traditional gender roles. Boys were also expected to be active and confrontational, while quiet and nonassertive behaviors were seen as less desirable. Race and ethnicity did not appear to be as significant factors in the dynamics observed by Orenstein.

Journalist Peggy Orenstein Observed Students in Two California Middle Schools