Parties First Emerged in the United States Congress as a Rational

Parties first emerged in the United States Congress as a rational response to ____________________.

A) the provisions of Article VII, Section 4, of the U.S. Constitution
B) the Elections Act of 1792
C) coordination problems among like-minded members of Congress that led to unstable coalitions
D) Congress members' psychological attachments to the Federalist and Antifederalist causes
E) collective-action problems that prevented Congress from obtaining a quorum