The Policy of Affirmative Action Arose When

The policy of affirmative action arose when

A) it became apparent that disadvantaged Americans would not attain equal employment opportunities through lawsuits that benefited single individuals only.
B) the Supreme Court declared in Bakke that the Fourteenth Amendment requires government and large firms to hire more women and minorities.
C) the Supreme Court ruled that de facto discrimination is unlawful.
D) private firms decided on their own that a more diverse workforce was actually a more productive and effective workforce.
E) the Supreme Court rendered its Adarand v.Pena decision in 1995.