For much of the history of the American republic, the model of the relationship between states and nation was one of

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Dual federalism, sometimes called "layer cake federalism," characterized the relationship between states and the national government from the founding of the country until the New Deal era. In this model, each level of government has distinct and separate responsibilities and powers, with limited overlap. States retained a high degree of autonomy and were seen as the primary level of government responsible for most public policy decisions.

For Much of the History of the American Republic, the Model