According to Lewinsohn and his colleagues (1985), which of the following does NOT belong in the vicious circle of depression?

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Defensive pessimism is not part of the vicious circle of depression proposed by Lewinsohn and colleagues. The vicious circle includes negative experiences, which contribute to negative thoughts and beliefs about oneself and the world, leading to feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and self-blame. These negative thoughts and feelings create a depressed mood, which in turn may lead to further negative experiences, perpetuating the cycle of depression. Defensive pessimism, on the other hand, is a cognitive strategy that some people use to manage anxiety and prepare for negative outcomes. It involves setting low expectations and imagining worst-case scenarios before an event in order to minimize disappointment and increase preparedness. While defensive pessimism may be associated with negative mood, it is not a core component of the vicious circle of depression.

According to Lewinsohn and His Colleagues (1985), Which of the Following