Question 1

What is emotion a more specific version of?

Accepted Answer

C

Question 2

Whether an event is perceived as painful or pleasurable refers to its ______.

Accepted Answer

The term valence refers to the positive or negative emotional evaluation or appraisal of an event or situation. It reflects whether an event is perceived as pleasant or unpleasant, enjoyable or undesirable, and happy or sad. Saliency refers to the degree to which a particular stimulus attracts our attention, while affect refers to the general emotional tone or mood that we experience. Trajectory refers to the direction or course of change over time, such as whether something is improving or worsening.

Question 3

What is the relationship between pleasant and unpleasant affects?

Accepted Answer

B

Question 4

A combination of positive affect, general life satisfaction, and the absence of negative affect is the definition of which term?

Accepted Answer

The combination of positive affect, general life satisfaction, and the absence of negative affect is the definition of subjective well-being, which encompasses overall feelings of happiness and fulfillment. This goes beyond just the surface level emotion of happiness (option A) and the term contentment (option D) doesn't necessarily include the presence of positive affect. Option B, happiness, is related to subjective well-being but does not encompass general life satisfaction and the absence of negative affect.

Question 5

How are affect and emotion related?

Accepted Answer

Affect refers to the observable expression of emotion, such as facial expressions or vocal tone, while emotion refers to the internal feeling state. Thus, affect is a component of emotion, as it is a way in which emotions are manifested outwardly.

Question 6

Considering the research of Alice Isen, which of the following describes an action that people are more likely to take when experiencing positive affect?

Accepted Answer

According to Alice Isen's research, individuals experiencing positive affect are more likely to have an open-minded attitude and consider multiple perspectives. This makes option D the most appropriate answer. Options A, B, and C go against the idea of positive affect and are not in line with Isen's research.

Question 7

What do specific action tendencies suggest?

Accepted Answer

Specific action tendencies suggest a restricted range of possible behavioral options, as they are a predisposition towards a particular behavior or response in a given situation.

Question 8

In the study by Estrada, Isen, and Young, how did the group of physicians who received the candy differ from the group who did not receive candy?

Accepted Answer

The study found that physicians who received candy displayed superior reasoning and decision-making abilities compared to those who did not receive candy.

Question 9

Which term is used synonymously with happiness in psychology literature?

Accepted Answer

In psychology literature, subjective well-being is often used synonymously with happiness. While emotions and affect may play a role in happiness, subjective well-being encompasses a broader perspective of life satisfaction and overall sense of well-being. Life satisfaction is also related to happiness, but it is just one aspect of subjective well-being.

Question 10

Which of the following ethnic groups is most likely to feel and think dialectically?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that Chinese individuals are more likely to think and feel dialectically, or hold two opposing ideas simultaneously, compared to individuals in Western cultures. This is likely due to the influence of Daoism, which emphasizes the concept of Yin and Yang and the need to find balance between opposing forces.

Question 11

According to the PANAS-X, negative affect states are described best as ______.

Accepted Answer

Negative affect states in the PANAS-X are described as general distress, which includes feelings such as sadness, guilt, and nervousness. While the other options may be related to negative affect, they are not specific to the description provided in the PANAS-X.

Question 12

In his research on the effects of prolonged exposure to fear and anger, what did Hans Selye conclude?

Accepted Answer

Hans Selye concluded that while physical stress harms the body, it also has a survival value for humans. Through his research on the effects of prolonged exposure to fear and anger, he developed the concept of the General Adaptation Syndrome, which suggests that the body responds to stress in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. In the resistance stage, the body adapts to the stressor and can even become stronger as a result. So, while prolonged exposure to stress can have negative effects on the body, it also has adaptive functions that can help individuals cope with and survive challenging situations.

Question 13

According to research by Xing and Sun, which of the following people would be happier?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to research by Xing and Sun,...

Question 14

Which of the following summarizes the implication of research done by Xing and Sun on taking financial risks?

Accepted Answer

The research done by Xing and Sun suggests that people who take financial risks are typically happier due to higher psychological resilience. This is because people who are more willing to take risks are better equipped to handle potential negative outcomes, and they are more likely to view risk-taking as a positive opportunity rather than a threat.

Question 15

What is affect considered to be a component of?

Accepted Answer

Affect is generally considered to be a component of emotion.

Question 16

What basic question was the PANAS-X designed to answer?

Accepted Answer

The PANAS-X (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded Form) was designed to measure the extent to which individuals experience positive and negative affects simultaneously, exploring the complexity of human emotions beyond the simple positive-negative dichotomy.

Question 17

The ability to think in more than one direction, or from more than one point of view is referred to as ______.

Accepted Answer

Dialectical thinking involves considering multiple viewpoints and the relationships between them. It allows for considering opposing arguments and finding a synthesis between them. Divergent thinking involves generating multiple creative ideas, symmetrical thinking involves balancing perspectives, and convergent thinking involves arriving at a single solution or answer.

Question 18

What two dimensions of affect does the PANAS-X assess?

Accepted Answer

The PANAS-X assesses two dimensions of affect: valence (positive vs. negative emotions) and content (specific emotions such as excitement or guilt).

Question 19

Why does happiness have little consensus on its meaning?

Accepted Answer

Happiness is a subjective experience, and everyone may define it differently based on their individual values, experiences, and cultural backgrounds. There is no one-size-fits-all definition of happiness.

Question 20

In an experiment by Isen, how did induced positive affect through the finding of a coin affect human behavior?

Accepted Answer

Isen's experiment found that inducing positive affect through the finding of a coin made participants more likely to help someone in need. They were more likely to assist a stranger with a dropped item or offer change for a parking meter. Thus, the correct answer is B.

Quiz 6: The Principles of Pleasure: Understanding Positive Affect, Positive Emotions, Happiness, and Well-Being