Before the shift to exploration of individual differences, what did psychologists and anthropologists in the late 1800s and early 1900s use to examine behaviors and characteristics?

Question

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Psychologists and anthropologists in the late 1800s and early 1900s used racial and cultural differences to examine behaviors and characteristics. They believed that certain races or cultures were superior to others and used this belief to explain differences in behavior and ability. This approach has been criticized for its bias and lack of scientific validity.

Before the Shift to Exploration of Individual Differences, What Did