Research in the Early 2000s on the California Gubernatorial Race

Research in the early 2000s on the California gubernatorial race demonstrated that small increases in distances to polling locations _____________.

A) had a negative effect on turnout
B) had no effect on turnout, probably because the election was high stakes
C) had a positive effect on turnout
D) negatively affected turnout among poorer citizens
E) increased turnout among wealthy citizens