Heather MacDonald argues the primary cause of the high rate of incarceration of African Americans is:

Question

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Heather MacDonald argues that the primary cause of the high rate of incarceration of African Americans is their involvement in criminal behavior. She suggests that the high crime rates in African American communities are a result of factors such as family breakdown, lack of employment opportunities, and a subculture that glorifies criminal behavior. She argues that addressing these underlying issues is more important than seeking to reduce incarceration rates through changes in the criminal justice system.

Heather MacDonald Argues the Primary Cause of the High Rate