What characterized colonial commerce by the end of the seventeenth century?

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By the end of the seventeenth century, colonial commerce was characterized by strong ties to England due to royal supervision of merchants and shippers. The Navigation Acts, passed by the British government in the mid-1600s, restricted colonial trade with other countries and required all colonial goods to be shipped to England first. This control over colonial commerce strengthened ties between the colonies and England, as the colonists relied on English markets and merchants for their economic success.

What Characterized Colonial Commerce by the End of the Seventeenth