In the nineteenth century,how did the experiences of regions that came under direct colonial rule compare to countries that faced imperialist aggression but retained their independence?

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The Answer is •The regions that came under direct colonial rule were most of Africa (with the exceptions of Ethiopia and Liberia),India,the Dutch East Indies,the Philippine Islands,and French Indochina.
oColonial states extracted resources and exploited labor for their benefit through taxation,forced labor,cash-crop agriculture,and other practices.
oThe "civilizing mission" prompted colonial rulers and missionaries to establish schools,creating a Westernized elite that initially supported colonial rule but later became the most vocal critics of colonialism.
•The countries that retained their independence in the face of foreign imperialism were Japan,China,the ottoman Empire,Ethiopia,Siam (Thailand),and the Latin American countries.
oThe ottoman Empire and China were much diminished as the changing balance of global power took hold.Both were semi-colonies within the informal empires of Europe.Both launched programs characterized as "defensive modernization" that sought to strengthen the state and preserve independence.
oEthiopia played the European powers against one another and was able to expand its empire.
oLatin American countries were economically dependent on the industrialized world.
•Whether they were colonized or remained independent,all countries shared the following:
oThe threat posed by the military might and political ambitions of rival European states
oIntegration into networks of trade,investment,and migration generated by the demands of an industrializing and capitalist Europe
oThe influence of European culture (language,Christianity,literature,philosophy)
oEngagement with the culture of modernity (scientific rationalism,technology,optimism about the future,nationalism,socialism,feminism,individualism)
oActive participation in the events of the nineteenth century,whether through resistance,accommodation,or adaptation
oConflicts between old identities and values on the one hand,and new loyalties associated with nationalism and modernity on the other

In the Nineteenth Century,how Did the Experiences of Regions That