In what respect did the communist movements in the twentieth century depart from Marxist theory?

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Marxist theory posited that a communist revolution would occur in highly industrialized societies where the proletariat (working class) would rise against the bourgeoisie (capitalist class). However, many communist movements in the 20th century, such as those in Russia, China, and Cuba, occurred in largely agrarian societies, not in the industrialized nations as Marx had predicted.

In What Respect Did the Communist Movements in the Twentieth