What played a more important role in distinguishing rulers from their colonial subjects in the imperialism of the nineteenth century than in earlier instances of imperialism?

Question

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During the imperialism of the nineteenth century, race played a more significant role in distinguishing rulers from their colonial subjects than in earlier instances of imperialism. European imperial powers used the concept of race to justify their dominance and superiority over the colonized populations, leading to a system of racial hierarchy and discrimination. This was not as pronounced in earlier instances of imperialism, where other factors such as religious beliefs and cultural differences were more important.

What Played a More Important Role in Distinguishing Rulers from Their