Which theory would most likely predict that boys raised without a father figure will have difficulty developing a strongly masculine gender identity?

Question

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Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences, particularly with regards to parent-child relationships, in shaping an individual's development and personality. According to Freud, boys develop a strong masculine gender identity through the process of identification with their father, which occurs during the phallic stage of development (ages 3-6). Without a father figure, boys may struggle to form a clear sense of their own gender identity and may experience what Freud referred to as "identity confusion."

Which Theory Would Most Likely Predict That Boys Raised Without