Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and

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The other options are all related to physiological factors that may influence motivation, but the emphasis on instincts is a distinct perspective that involves the assumption that much of human behavior is preprogrammed by innate, inherited tendencies. Drive reduction theory is a related but separate perspective that focuses on the idea that motivations arise when our bodies are lacking certain essential elements and drive us to take action to fulfill those needs.

Psychologists Have Used Four Perspectives in Their Efforts to Explain