Under the ________, companies carrying on business outside the United States will come within the subject-matter jurisdiction of an American court if their business activity is intended to affect U.S. commerce and is not de minimis.

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The effects test, also known as the effects doctrine or the effects principle, is a criterion used in determining whether the subject-matter jurisdiction of a court extends to a dispute arising out of a foreign business activity. Under the effects test, a court may assert jurisdiction over a foreign company if its activities abroad have a substantial effect on U.S. commerce and if the exercise of jurisdiction is reasonable and fair. This test is often used in cases involving antitrust, securities fraud, and patent infringement, among other types of disputes. The effects test is derived from the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in the case of United States v. Aluminum Co. of America (1945), commonly referred to as the Alcoa case.

Under the ________, Companies Carrying on Business Outside the United