The Public Transport Union and the New York Transit Authority are in conflict with each other. When the conflict escalates, the New York City Council decides to intervene and settle the dispute. The Council, after listening to offers from both sides, puts forth a binding settlement, which both parties must accept. In the context of the alternatives to work stoppages, this is an example of

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This scenario involves the intervention of an external third party (the New York City Council) to settle the dispute and impose a binding decision, which is characteristic of arbitration. Fact finder negotiation involves an impartial third party gathering information and making non-binding recommendations. Mediation involves a third party facilitating negotiations between the two parties to reach a mutually acceptable solution. Checkoff bargain refers to an agreement between an employer and a union that requires the employer to deduct union dues from employees' paychecks, while grievance leverage involves the threat of work stoppages to pressure management into addressing union grievances.