In the Assessment of Students to Determine the Individual Needs

In the assessment of students to determine the individual needs of learners, what types of assessment may be used?
a. norm-referenced tests, curriculum-based assessment, teacher-made instruments
b. norm-referenced instruments, curriculum-based assessment, teacher-made tests, classroom observations, probes
c. any of the above
d. only a and b
e. only a and d
f. none of the above