The Lombards in Italy

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The Lombards were unable to unite the Lombard duchies under the king, which led to a fragmented Lombard Kingdom in Italy. While they did defeat the Byzantines and controlled much of Italy, they did not completely eliminate the Byzantine presence. The Lombards also did not defeat Pepin and Charlemagne, as they were both Frankish kings who conquered parts of Lombard territory. While the Lombards were Arians at first, many later converted to Catholicism. There is no evidence to suggest that the popes were forced to seek aid from Spanish Berbers.