One Thing That Franchise Systems, Wholesaler-Sponsored Chains, and Retail Cooperatives

One thing that franchise systems, wholesaler-sponsored chains, and retail cooperatives have in common is that they are all

A) distribution systems in which producers also act as intermediaries in the distribution process.
B) dependent on multilevel marketing strategies.
C) forms of distribution systems in which a single firm owns all of the organizations involved in distributing the product.
D) forms of contractual distribution systems.