Joe is pessimistic, sarcastic, argumentative, hostile, and lacks confidence. In Freud's view, he is probably fixated in the ________ stage.

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According to Freud's psychosexual stages, the oral stage occurs from birth to 18 months, during which the primary focus of pleasure is on the mouth. The fixation in this stage can lead to pessimism, sarcasm, and hostility, which are some of the traits displayed by Joe. Therefore, Joe is likely fixated in the oral stage. The other stages (anal, phallic, and genital) have their own characteristic fixations and behaviors.

Joe Is Pessimistic, Sarcastic, Argumentative, Hostile, and Lacks Confidence