Ecological validity can be threatened by:

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Ecological validity refers to the extent to which a study's findings can be generalized to real-world settings. Experimenter bias occurs when the experimenter's expectations or personal beliefs influence the results. The Hawthorne effect refers to the tendency of participants to change their behavior simply because they know they are being observed. Demand characteristics are cues within an experiment that may lead participants to behave in a certain way. All three of these factors can threaten ecological validity, as they can cause participants to behave differently than they would in their natural environment, making it difficult to generalize the study's findings.

Ecological Validity Can Be Threatened By