For a study to be considered a true experiment according to Campbell and Stanley, there must be at least ____ level(s) of the independent variable.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

According to Campbell and Stanley, a true experiment requires at least two levels of the independent variable (such as a treatment group and a control group) in order to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. Randomization is also important for minimizing confounding variables, but it is not the defining characteristic of a true experiment. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

For a Study to Be Considered a True Experiment According