According to the chapter, a useful metaphor in guiding research ethics is to think of participants as:

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The chapter suggests that a useful metaphor in guiding research ethics is to think of participants as colleagues, which implies a mutual respect, understanding and partnership in the research process. This metaphor encourages researchers to involve participants as active partners rather than passive subjects, and to consider their perspectives and needs throughout the research process. The other options do not accurately reflect the recommended approach to ethical research.

According to the Chapter, a Useful Metaphor in Guiding Research