When two species provide fitness benefits to each other but do not require each other to persist, they are

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Facultative mutualists are two species that provide benefits to each other but can also survive without each other. They have a more flexible relationship compared to obligate mutualists who rely on each other for survival. Parasites are species that benefit at the expense of their hosts, while predators and prey have a relationship where one species is hunting and killing the other for food.

When Two Species Provide Fitness Benefits to Each Other but Do