What early theorist of black identity had by the 1950s begun to justify black revolution against white society on the basis of existential choice and Marxism?

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Frantz Fanon, a Caribbean-born psychiatrist and philosopher, believed that colonization had twisted the psychology of black people by crippling their self-image and causing them to internalize negative stereotypes. In his work, he argued that black people had been made dependent on white Europeans and had lost their own self-determination because of it. He believed that only a violent revolution could overturn colonization and restore black people to their rightful place in society. Fanon's views were highly influential in the Civil Rights movement and he became one of the most important, early voices in the development of contemporary black identity.

What Early Theorist of Black Identity Had by the 1950s