In a challenge to Emperor Anastasius I,Pope Gelasius I insisted that

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Pope Gelasius I believed in the concept of "two swords," in which the emperor had temporal power, but the priests had spiritual authority. This meant that while the emperor had the ability to make and enforce laws, he did not have ultimate power over religious matters. The pope also believed that the Church should have independence from secular rulers. This concept was reiterated in the Investiture Controversy of the 11th and 12th centuries, when the Church fought against the secular rulers' attempts to appoint bishops and other Church officials.

In a Challenge to Emperor Anastasius I,Pope Gelasius I Insisted