To measure how dense a planet is (to know whether it is made of rock or gas and liquid) they must be able to measure the planet's mass from the Doppler shift and

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To determine a planet's density, scientists need to know its mass and volume. The mass can be measured from the Doppler shift, and the volume can be inferred from the planet's radius, which can be measured using the transit method. Knowing both mass and volume allows for the calculation of density, which helps determine the planet's composition (rocky or gaseous).

To Measure How Dense a Planet Is (To Know Whether