With our current techniques, astronomers can typically only measure the minimum mass of a planet orbiting another star. To know the precise mass of the planet, they must also be able to determine

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The angle at which the planet's orbit is tilted relative to us affects the planet's observed velocity, which in turn affects the calculated minimum mass. Knowing the angle would allow astronomers to accurately determine the planet's mass. The age of the star, whether the planet has moons, and the language spoken by the planet's inhabitants are not relevant in determining the planet's mass. The time it takes the planet to make one orbit can provide information about the planet's distance from its star, but not its mass.

With Our Current Techniques, Astronomers Can Typically Only Measure the Minimum