Scholars in the first portion of the 20th century did research to determine whether individuals with a mesomorphic body type were more prone to criminal behavior.

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Early 20th-century criminologist William Sheldon proposed a theory linking body type (endomorphic, mesomorphic, ectomorphic) to temperament and the likelihood of criminal behavior, suggesting that individuals with a mesomorphic (muscular and athletic) body type were more prone to aggression and criminality.

Scholars in the First Portion of the 20th Century Did