The association of a particular activity with a punishment or reward is referred to as:

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The association of a particular activity with a punishment or reward is a form of operant conditioning, where behavior is modified based on its consequences. Classical conditioning involves the association of two different stimuli, while instinct is an innate behavior that does not require conditioning. Imprinting is a process in which young animals form attachments to the first thing they see after birth.

The Association of a Particular Activity with a Punishment or Reward