The use of electric fences to help a dog learn the boundaries it may navigate is an example of:

Question

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Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened as a result of stopping or avoiding a negative condition. In the case of electric fences, the dog learns to stay within the boundaries to avoid the unpleasant shock, thus the behavior (staying within the boundaries) is reinforced by the removal of the negative stimulus (the shock).

The Use of Electric Fences to Help a Dog Learn