Alex's grandmother always gave him candy when he saw her. Over time, he became excited and happy whenever he saw her. Years later, he experiences the same feeling when he smells her perfume in a store. This kind of conditioning is called

Question

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This is an example of higher-order conditioning because the initial association between seeing his grandmother and receiving candy became associated with the smell of her perfume through repeated pairings, leading to the same emotional response.

Alex's Grandmother Always Gave Him Candy When He Saw Her