A Long-Term Study on Guppies Illustrates the Effect of Predation

A long-term study on guppies illustrates the effect of predation on life history traits. In the study, streams with killifish (which prey on immature guppies) had guppies that ____, compared to guppies in streams with cichlids (which prey on mature guppies) .

A) were smaller
B) had larger broods per year
C) reproduced at an earlier age
D) were smaller and had fewer broods per year
E) had fewer broods per year and reproduced at an older age