Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with

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PTSD has been shown to cause biochemical and hormonal alterations that can last over a long period, leading to long-lasting symptoms including anxiety, hyperarousal, and avoidance behavior. These alterations include dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which can lead to changes in cortisol levels, as well as alterations in levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Temporary changes in the brain, involving the amygdala, have also been associated with PTSD, but these changes are not the primary mechanism underlying the disorder. Emotional outbursts may be a symptom of PTSD, but they are not a defining characteristic. Improvement in memory and concentration is not typically associated with PTSD.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Has Been Associated with