Analyses of the effectiveness of coping strategies in managing the stress associated with chronic illness conclude that

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Several studies have consistently found that active coping, which involves taking action to manage the problem, is more consistently associated with good adjustment and reduced psychological distress in individuals with chronic illnesses. Avoidant coping, such as denial or substance abuse, is associated with negative outcomes in the long-term. Confrontative coping, while better than using multiple coping strategies, can be problematic if it involves high levels of stress or aggression. Vigilant coping, which involves constant monitoring of symptoms, is associated with increased distress and anxiety. Therefore, D is the correct answer.

Analyses of the Effectiveness of Coping Strategies in Managing the Stress